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Microsoft Windows Information

Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.

Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[2] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984.

The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile version is Windows Phone 7.

Contents

Versions

See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

The classic Windows logo, used until the release of Windows XP in 2001

Early versions

Main articles: Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, and Windows 2.1x Windows 1.0, the first version, released in 1985

The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when Chase Bishop, a computer scientist, designed the first model of an electronic device and project "Interface Manager" was started. It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[3] The shell of Windows 1.0 was a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Other supplied programs were Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal, and Write. Windows 1.0 did not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows were tiled. Only dialog boxes could appear over other windows.

Windows 2.0 was released in October 1987 and featured several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[3] Windows 2.0 allowed application windows to overlap each other and also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts. It could also make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/386 employed the 386 virtual 8086 mode to multitask several DOS programs, and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286 (which, despite its name, would run on the 8086) still ran in real mode, but could make use of the high memory area.

The early versions of Windows were often thought of as simply graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[4] However, even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.0 and 3.1

Main articles: Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1x Windows 3.0, released in 1990

Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows. Also, Windows applications could now run in protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from C into assembly.

Windows 95, 98, and Me

Main articles: Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me Windows 95, released in August 1995

Windows 95 was released in August 1995, featuring a new user interface, support for long file names of up to 255 characters, and the ability to automatically detect and configure installed hardware (plug and play). It could natively run 32-bit applications, and featured several technological improvements that increased its stability over Windows 3.1. There were several OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack.

Microsoft's next release was Windows 98 in June 1998. Microsoft released a second version of Windows 98 in May 1999, named Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to Windows 98 SE).

In February 2000, Windows 2000 (in the NT family) was released, followed by Windows Me in September 2000 (Me standing for Millennium Edition). Windows Me updated the core from Windows 98, but adopted some aspects of Windows 2000 and removed the "boot in DOS mode" option. It also added a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date.

Windows NT family

Main article: Windows NT

The NT family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use. The first release was NT 3.1 (1993), numbered "3.1" to match the consumer Windows version, which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), NT 4.0 (1996), and Windows 2000, which is the last NT-based Windows release that does not include Microsoft Product Activation. Windows NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the "Windows 95" user interface (and the first to include Windows 95's built-in 32-bit runtimes).

Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems with Windows XP that was released on October 25, 2001. It came both in home and professional versions (and later niche market versions for tablet PCs and media centers); they also diverged release schedules for server operating systems. Windows Server 2003, released a year and a half after Windows XP, brought Windows Server up to date with Windows XP. After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006 for volume licensing and January 30, 2007 for consumers. And its server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008. On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009.

64-bit operating systems

Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 variously supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, some of which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (also known as IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support the x86-64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. Windows Vista was the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft released simultaneously in x86 and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises AMD64/Intel64 versions of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008, in both Itanium and x64 editions. Windows Server 2008 R2 drops the 32-bit version, although Windows 7 does not.

Windows CE

Main articles: Windows CE and Windows Phone The latest current version of Windows CE, Windows Embedded Compact 7, displaying a possible UI for what the media player can look like.

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE is the core from which Windows Mobile is derived. Microsoft's latest mobile OS, Windows Phone, is based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and the current Windows CE 7.0.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Future of Windows

Screenshot of Windows 8 startscreen (Somewhat similar to the Xbox 360 dashboard (as of December 7th, 2011)) Bootable Windows To Go USB flash drive

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, is currently in development. Microsoft posted a blog entry in Dutch on October 22, 2010 hinting that Windows 8 would be released in roughly 1 year.[5] Also, during the pre-Consumer Electronics Show keynote, Microsoft's CEO announced that Windows 8 will also run on ARM CPUs. This Windows version will also be more suitable for tablets and netbooks, featuring a more touch-friendly interface. Several new features will also be introduced, such as support for USB 3.0 and the ability to run Windows from USB devices (like USB Hard Disks or USB Flash drives) with Windows To Go.

History

Main article: History of Microsoft Windows The Windows family tree.

The first version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality, achieved little popularity and was to compete with Apple's own operating system. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.[6][7]

Microsoft Windows version 3.0, released in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[8][9] It featured improvements to the user interface and to multitasking capabilities. It received a facelift in Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992. Windows 3.1 support ended on December 31, 2001.[10]

In July 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT based on a new kernel. Windows NT 3.1 was the first release of Windows NT. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking. Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.

On August 24, 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new, and major, consumer version that made further changes to the user interface, and also used preemptive multitasking. Windows 95 was designed to replace not only Windows 3.1, but also Windows for Workgroups, and MS-DOS. It was also the first Windows operating system to use Plug and Play capabilities. The changes Windows 95 brought to the desktop were revolutionary, as opposed to evolutionary, such as those in Windows 98 and Windows Me. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000 and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[11]

The next in the consumer line was Microsoft Windows 98 released on June 25, 1998. It was followed with the release of Windows 98 Second Edition (Windows 98 SE) in 1999. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002 and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[12]

As part of its "professional" line, Microsoft released Windows 2000 in February 2000. During 2004 part of the Source Code for Windows 2000 was leaked onto the Internet. This was bad for Microsoft as the same kernel used in Windows 2000 was used in Windows XP. The consumer version following Windows 98 was Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition). Released in September 2000, Windows Me implemented a number of new technologies for Microsoft: most notably publicized was "Universal Plug and Play". Windows Me was heavily criticized due to slowness, freezes and hardware problems.

In October 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, a version built on the Windows NT kernel that also retained the consumer-oriented usability of Windows 95 and its successors. This new version was widely praised in computer magazines.[13] It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,[14] with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.[15]

In April 2003, Windows Server 2003 was introduced, replacing the Windows 2000 line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.

On January 30, 2007, Microsoft released Windows Vista. It contains a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It is available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism.

On October 22, 2009, Microsoft released Windows 7. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware which Windows Vista was not at the time.[16] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with a new taskbar, referred to as the Superbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup,[17] and performance improvements.

Timeline of releases

Main article: Timeline of Microsoft Windows
Timeline of releases
Release date Product name Current Version / Build Notes Last IE
November 1985 Windows 1.01 1.01 Unsupported —
November 1987 Windows 2.03 2.03 Unsupported —
May 1988 Windows 2.10 2.10 Unsupported —
March 1989 Windows 2.11 2.11 Unsupported —
May 1990 Windows 3.0 3.0 Unsupported —
March 1992 Windows 3.1x 3.1 Unsupported 5
October 1992 Windows For Workgroups 3.1 3.1 Unsupported 5
July 1993 Windows NT 3.1 NT 3.1 Unsupported 5
December 1993 Windows For Workgroups 3.11 3.11 Unsupported 5
January 1994 Windows 3.2 (released in Simplified Chinese only) 3.2 Unsupported 5
September 1994 Windows NT 3.5 NT 3.5 Unsupported 5
May 1995 Windows NT 3.51 NT 3.51 Unsupported 5
August 1995 Windows 95 4.0.950 Unsupported[11] 5.5
July 1996 Windows NT 4.0 NT 4.0.1381 Unsupported[18] 6
June 1998 Windows 98 4.10.1998 Unsupported[12] 6
May 1999 Windows 98 SE 4.10.2222 Unsupported[19] 6
February 2000 Windows 2000 NT 5.0.2195 Unsupported[20] 6
September 2000 Windows Me 4.90.3000 Unsupported[21] 6
October 2001 Windows XP NT 5.1.2600 Extended Support for SP3 until April 8, 2014. (RTM, SP1 and SP2 unsupported). 8
March 2003 Windows XP 64-bit Edition (IA-64) NT 5.2.3790 Unsupported 6
April 2003 Windows Server 2003 NT 5.2.3790 Extended Support for SP2 until July 14, 2015. (RTM and SP1 unsupported). 8
April 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition NT 5.2.3790 Extended Support for SP2 until April 8, 2014. (RTM and SP1 unsupported). 8
July 2006 Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs NT 5.1.2600 Current 8
November 2006 (volume licensing) January 2007 (retail) Windows Vista NT 6.0.6002 Current (RTM unsupported). Version changed to NT 6.0.6001 with SP1 (February 4, 2008) and to NT 6.0.6002 with SP2 (April 28, 2009). 9
July 2007 Windows Home Server NT 5.2.4500 Current 8
February 2008 Windows Server 2008 NT 6.0.6002 Current Version changed to NT 6.0.6002 with SP2 (April 28, 2009). 9
October 2009[22] Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 NT 6.1.7601 Current Version changed to NT 6.1.7601 with SP1 (February 22, 2011). 9
April 2011 Windows Home Server 2011 NT 6.1.8400 Current 9
Windows timeline

Usage share

Main article: Usage share of operating systems
Source Net Market Share[23] W3Counter[24] Global Stats[25]
Date November 2011 November 2011 November 2011
All versions 92.2% 78.87% 90.16%
Windows 7 34.6% 36.63% 41.13%
Windows XP 48.89% 32.97% 37.91%
Windows Vista 8.48% 9.17% 11.12%
Windows 2000 0.14% 0.1% —
Windows NT 4.0 0.06% — —
Windows 98 0.02% — —
Windows Me 0.01% — —

Security

Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset.[26] However, Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[27]

These design issues combined with programming errors (e.g. buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier's Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.[28] In 2005, Kaspersky Lab found around 11,000 malicious programs—viruses, Trojans, back-doors, and exploits written for Windows.[29]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[30] In versions of Windows after and including Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.[31]

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, they had no concept of access privileges, and did not allow concurrent access; and so were not true multi-user operating systems. In addition, they implemented only partial memory protection. They were accordingly widely criticised for lack of security.

The Windows NT series of operating systems, by contrast, are true multi-user, and implement absolute memory protection. However, a lot of the advantages of being a true multi-user operating system were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the first user account created during the setup process was an administrator account, which was also the default for new accounts. Though Windows XP did have limited accounts, the majority of home users did not change to an account type with fewer rights – partially due to the number of programs which unnecessarily required administrator rights – and so most home users ran as administrator all the time.

Windows Vista changes this[32] by introducing a privilege elevation system called User Account Control. When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows Shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.[33]

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGLP (Accounts, Global, Local, Permissions) AGDLP which in essence where file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied directory to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Windows Defender

On January 6, 2005, Microsoft released a Beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released Giant AntiSpyware. On February 14, 2006, Microsoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with the release of Beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Windows Vista and 7.[34]

Third-party analysis

In an article based on a report by Symantec,[35] internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."[36]

A study conducted by Kevin Mitnick and marketing communications firm Avantgarde in 2004 found that an unprotected and unpatched Windows XP system with Service Pack 1 lasted only 4 minutes on the Internet before it was compromised, and an unprotected and also unpatched Windows Server 2003 system was compromised after being connected to the internet for 8 hours.[37] However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP. The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product. Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.[38]

Emulation software

Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:

See also

Microsoft portal

References

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  3. ^ a b Petzold
  4. ^ "Windows Evolution". Soft32.com News. http://news.soft32.com/windows-evolution_1629.html.
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  9. ^ "Microsoft Company". http://www.thocp.net/companies/microsoft/microsoft_company.htm.
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  11. ^ a b "Windows 95 Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=7864. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  12. ^ a b "Windows 98 Standard Edition Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=6513. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  13. ^ David Coursey (August 31, 2001). "Your top Windows XP questions answered! (Part One)". ZDNet. CNET. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071219121319/http://review.zdnet.com/4520-6033_16-4206367.html. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  14. ^ "A Look at Freestyle and Mira". Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows. Penton. September 3, 2002. http://www.winsupersite.com/article/showcase/a-look-at-freestyle-and-mira.aspx. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
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  16. ^ Mike Nash (October 28, 2008). "Windows 7 Unveiled Today at PDC 2008". Windows Team Blog. Microsoft. http://windowsteamblog.com/blogs/windows7/archive/2008/10/28/windows-7-unveiled-today-at-pdc-2008.aspx. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  17. ^ Brandon LeBlanc (October 28, 2008). "How Libraries & HomeGroup Work Together in Windows 7". Windows Team Blog. Microsoft. http://windowsteamblog.com/blogs/windowsexperience/archive/2008/10/28/how-libraries-amp-homegroup-work-together-in-windows-7.aspx. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  18. ^ "Windows NT Embedded 4.0 Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3185. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
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  30. ^ Ryan Naraine (June 8, 2005). "Microsoft's Security Response Center: How Little Patches Are Made". eWeek. Ziff Davis Enterprise. http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Windows/Microsofts-Security-Response-Center-How-Little-Patches-Are-Made/. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
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  32. ^ Microsoft describes in detail the steps taken to combat this in a TechNet bulletin. Source: Windows Vista Security and Data Protection Improvements.
  33. ^ Kenny Kerr (September 29, 2006). "Windows Vista for Developers – Part 4 – User Account Control". http://weblogs.asp.net/kennykerr/archive/2006/09/29/Windows-Vista-for-Developers-_1320_-Part-4-_1320_-User-Account-Control.aspx. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
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  39. ^ Wine

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows family
Versions · Comparison · Components · History · Timeline · Criticism
DOS-Based Windows 1.0 · Windows 2.0 · Windows 2.1x · Windows 3.0 · Windows 3.1x
Windows 9x Windows 95 · Windows 98 (development) · Windows Me
Windows NT
Early versions[α] Windows NT 3.1 · Windows NT 3.5 · Windows NT 3.51 · Windows NT 4.0 · Windows 2000
Client releases Windows XP (editions [x64 · Media Center] · development) · Windows Vista (editions · development) · Windows 7 (editions · development) · Windows 8
Windows Server Server 2003 · Server 2008 (Server 2008 R2 · HPC Server 2008 · EBS 2008) · Home Server (Home Server 2011) · MultiPoint Server · Small Business Server
Specialized Windows Embedded (Automotive · POSReady) · Windows Preinstallation Environment · Windows To Go · Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
Windows CE Windows CE 3.0 · Windows CE 5.0 · Windows CE 6.0 · Windows Embedded Compact 7
Mobile Windows Mobile · Windows Phone
Cancelled Cairo · Nashville · Neptune · Odyssey
Related topics Metro · Midori · OS/2 · Windows Aero · Windows Setup · Windows XP themes

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Backup and Restore Center · CHKDSK · cmd.exe · Control Panel (Applets) · Device Manager · Disk Cleanup · Disk Defragmenter · Driver Verifier · Event Viewer · IEAK · IExpress · Management Console · Netsh · Problem Reports and Solutions · Resource Monitor · ‎Sysprep · System Policy Editor · System Configuration · ScanDisk · System File Checker · System Restore · Task Manager · WMI · Windows Installer · Windows PowerShell · Windows Update · WAIK · WinSAT · Windows Easy Transfer
Applications
Calculator · Character Map · Contacts · DVD Maker · Fax and Scan · Internet Explorer · Journal · Magnifier · Media Center · Media Player · Mobile Device Center · Mobility Center · Narrator · Notepad · Paint · Windows Photo Viewer · Private Character Editor · Remote Assistance · Windows Desktop Gadgets · Snipping Tool · Sound Recorder · Store · Speech Recognition · Tablet PC Input Panel · WordPad · Portable Workspace Creator
Games
3D Pinball for Windows - Space Cadet · Chess Titans · FreeCell · Hearts · Hover! · Hold 'Em – Inkball · Mahjong Titans · Minesweeper · Purble Place · Reversi · Solitaire · Spider Solitaire · Microsoft Tinker
Kernel
Ntoskrnl.exe · hal.dll · System Idle Process · Registry · DLL · EXE · NTLDR / Boot Manager · Winlogon · Recovery Console · I/O · WinRE · WinPE · Kernel Patch Protection
Services
SCM · BITS · Task Scheduler · Wireless Zero Configuration · Shadow Copy · Error Reporting · Multimedia Class Scheduler · CLFS
File systems
NTFS (Hard link · Junction point · Mount Point · Reparse point · Symbolic link · TxF · EFS) · WinFS · FAT (FAT12 · FAT16 · FAT32) · exFAT · CDFS · UDF · DFS · IFS
Server
Domains · Active Directory · DNS · Group Policy · Roaming user profiles · Folder redirection · Distributed Transaction Coordinator · MSMQ · Windows Media Services · Rights Management Services · IIS · Terminal Services · WSUS · Windows SharePoint Services · Network Access Protection · PWS · DFS Replication · Remote Differential Compression · Print Services for UNIX · Remote Installation Services · Windows Deployment Services · System Resource Manager · Hyper-V
Architecture
NT series architecture · Object Manager · Startup process (Vista/7) · I/O request packet · Kernel Transaction Manager · Logical Disk Manager · Security Accounts Manager · Windows File Protection / Windows Resource Protection · Windows library files · LSASS · CSRSS · SMSS · MinWin
Security
Action Center · BitLocker · Defender · Data Execution Prevention · Mandatory Integrity Control · Protected Media Path · User Account Control · User Interface Privilege Isolation · Windows Firewall
Compatibility
command.com · Interix · Unix subsystem (Microsoft POSIX) · Virtual DOS machine · Windows on Windows · Windows XP Mode · WoW64
Operating system
General History · Timeline · List · Comparison · Usage share · Development · Advocacy
Kernel
Architectures
General Monolithic kernel · Microkernel
Subtypes Exokernel · Nanokernel · Hybrid
Components User/Kernel space · Server · Loadable kernel module · Device driver
Process management
Concepts Process · Process control block · Interrupt · Thread · Context switch · Scheduling
CPU modes Protected mode · Supervisor mode
Scheduling algorithm Cooperative multitasking · Preemptive multitasking · Round-robin scheduling · Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling · Multilevel feedback queue · Shortest job next
Memory management Memory protection · Segmentation · Paging · Segmentation fault · General protection fault · Bus error
Examples AmigaOS · BeOS · BSD · DOS · GNU · Linux · Mac OS · MorphOS · OS/2 · ReactOS · Solaris · Unix · Windows · more...
Miscellaneous concepts Boot loader · Live CD · Live USB · PXE · API · Virtual file system · Virtual tape library · Computer network · CLI · TUI · GUI · VUI · HAL

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